Statistics of Deadly Quarrels — Quarrels • HistData

The Statistics Of Deadly Quarrels by Lewis Fry Richardson (1960) is one of the earlier attempts at quantification of historical conflict behavior.

The data set contains 779 dyadic deadly quarrels that cover a time period from 1809 to 1949. A quarrel consists of one pair of belligerents, and is identified by its beginning date and magnitude (log 10 of the number of deaths). Neither actor in a quarrel is identified by name.

Because Richardson took a dyad of belligerents as his unit, a given war, such as World War I or World War II comprises multiple observations, for all pairs of belligerents. For example, there are forty-four pairs of belligerents coded for World War I.

For each quarrel, the nominal variables include the type of quarrel, as well as political, cultural, and economic similarities and dissimilarities between the pair of combatants.

Usage

data(Quarrels)

Format

A data frame with 779 observations on the following 84 variables.

ID: V84: Id sequence
year: V1: Begin date of quarrel
international: V2: Nation vs nation
colonial: V3: Nation vs colony
revolution: V4: Revolution or civil war
nat.grp: V5: Nation vs gp in other nation
grp.grpSame: V6: Grp vs grp (same nation)
grp.grpDif: V7: Grp vs grp (between nations)
numGroups: V8: Number groups against which fighting
months: V9: Number months fighting
pairs: V10: Number pairs in whole matrix
monthsPairs: V11: Num mons for all in matrix
logDeaths: V12: Log (killed) matrix
deaths: V13: Total killed for matrix
exchangeGoods: V14: Gp sent goods to other
obstacleGoods: V15: Gp puts obstacles to goods
intermarriageOK: V16: Present intermarriages
intermarriageBan: V17: Intermarriages banned
simBody: V18: Similar body characteristics
difBody: V19: Difference in body characteristics
simDress: V20: Similarity of customs (dress)
difDress: V21: Difference of customs (dress)
eqWealth: V22: Common level of wealth
difWealth: V23: Difference in wealth
simMariagCust: V24: Similar marriage cusomst
difMariagCust: V25: Different marriage customs
simRelig: V26: Similar religion or philosophy of life
difRelig: V27: Religion or philosophy felt different
philanthropy: V28: General philanthropy
restrictMigration: V29: Restricted immigrations
sameLanguage: V30: Common mother tongue
difLanguage: V31: Different languages
simArtSci: V32: Similar science, arts
travel: V33: Travel
ignorance: V34: Ignorant of other/both
simPersLiberty: V35: Personal liberty similar
difPersLiberty: V36: More personal liberty
sameGov: V37: Common government
sameGovYrs: V38: Years since common govt established
prevConflict: V39: Belligerents fought previously
prevConflictYrs: V40: Years since belligerents fought
chronicFighting: V41: Chronic fighting between belligerents
persFriendship: V42: Autocrats personal friends
persResentment: V43: Leaders personal resentment
difLegal: V44: Annoyingly different legal systems
nonintervention: V45: Policy of nonintervention
thirdParty: V46: Led by 3rd group to conflict
supportEnemy: V47: Supported others enemy
attackAlly: V48: Attacked ally of other
rivalsLand: V49: Rivals territory concess
rivalsTrade: V50: Rivals trade
churchPower: V51: Church civil power
noExtension: V52: Policy not extending term
territory: V53: Desired territory
habitation: V54: Wanted habitation
minerals: V55: Desired minerals
StrongHold: V56: Wanted strategic stronghold
taxation: V57: Taxed other
loot: V58: Wanted loot
objectedWar: V59: Objected to war
enjoyFight: V60: Enjoyed fighting
pride: V61: Elated by strong pride
overpopulated: V62: Insufficient land for population
fightForPay: V63: Fought only for pay
joinWinner: V64: Desired to join winners
otherDesiredWar: V65: Quarrel desired by other
propaganda3rd: V66: Issued of propaganda to third parties
protection: V67: Offered protection
sympathy: V68: Sympathized under control
debt: V69: Owed money to others
prevAllies: V70: Had fought as allies
yearsAllies: V71: Years since fought as allies
intermingled: V72: Had intermingled on territory
interbreeding: V73: Interbreeding between groups
propadanda: V74: Issued propaganda to other group
orderedObey: V75: Ordered other to obey
commerceOther: V76: Commercial enterprises
feltStronger: V77: Felt stronger
competeIntellect: V78: Competed successfully intellectual occ
insecureGovt: V79: Government insecure
prepWar: V80: Preparations for war
RegionalError: V81: Regional error measure
CasualtyError: V82: Casualty error measure
Auxiliaries: V83: Auxiliaries in service of nation at war

Details

In the original data set obtained from ICPSR, variables were named V1-V84. These were renamed to make them more meaningful. V84, renamed ID was moved to the first position, but otherwise the order of variables is the same.

In many of the factor variables, 0 is used to indicate "irrelevant to quarrel". This refers to those relations that Richardson found absent or irrelevant to the particular quarrel, and did not subsequently mention.

See the original codebook at http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/cgi-bin/file?comp=none&study=5407&ds=1&file_id=652814 for details not contained here.

Source

http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/05407

References

Lewis F. Richardson, (1960). The Statistics Of Deadly Quarrels. (Edited by Q. Wright and C. C. Lienau). Pittsburgh: Boxwood Press.

Rummel, Rudolph J. (1967), "Dimensions of Dyadic War, 1820-1952." Journal of Conflict Resolution. 11, (2), 176 - 183.

Examples

data(Quarrels)
str(Quarrels)
#> 'data.frame':	779 obs. of  84 variables:
#>  $ ID               : int  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
#>  $ year             : int  1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1918 1915 1916 1918 ...
#>  $ international    : int  1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 ...
#>  $ colonial         : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
#>  $ revolution       : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
#>  $ nat.grp          : int  0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 ...
#>  $ grp.grpSame      : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
#>  $ grp.grpDif       : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
#>  $ numGroups        : int  16 17 17 15 17 16 17 17 15 16 ...
#>  $ months           : int  52 43 52 53 52 33 1 642 32 1 ...
#>  $ pairs            : int  44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ...
#>  $ monthsPairs      : int  1436 1436 1436 1436 1436 1436 1436 1436 1436 1436 ...
#>  $ logDeaths        : num  7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 ...
#>  $ deaths           : int  15900000 15900000 15900000 15900000 15900000 15900000 15900000 15900000 15900000 15900000 ...
#>  $ exchangeGoods    : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ obstacleGoods    : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ intermarriageOK  : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ intermarriageBan : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ simBody          : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ difBody          : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ simDress         : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ difDress         : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ eqWealth         : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ difWealth        : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ simMariagCust    : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ difMariagCust    : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ simRelig         : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 ...
#>  $ difRelig         : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 1 3 ...
#>  $ philanthropy     : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ restrictMigration: Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ sameLanguage     : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ difLanguage      : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
#>  $ simArtSci        : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ travel           : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ ignorance        : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ simPersLiberty   : Factor w/ 1 level "0": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ difPersLiberty   : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ sameGov          : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ sameGovYrs       : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
#>  $ prevConflict     : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 ...
#>  $ prevConflictYrs  : int  0 0 55 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 ...
#>  $ chronicFighting  : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ persFriendship   : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ persResentment   : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ difLegal         : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ nonintervention  : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ thirdParty       : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ supportEnemy     : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ attackAlly       : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 ...
#>  $ rivalsLand       : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ rivalsTrade      : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ churchPower      : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ noExtension      : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ territory        : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 ...
#>  $ habitation       : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ minerals         : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ StrongHold       : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ taxation         : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ loot             : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ objectedWar      : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ enjoyFight       : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ pride            : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ overpopulated    : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ fightForPay      : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ joinWinner       : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ otherDesiredWar  : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ propaganda3rd    : Factor w/ 1 level "0": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ protection       : Factor w/ 1 level "0": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ sympathy         : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ debt             : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ prevAllies       : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 ...
#>  $ yearsAllies      : int  0 14 14 0 0 0 14 15 0 0 ...
#>  $ intermingled     : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ interbreeding    : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ propadanda       : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ orderedObey      : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ commerceOther    : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ feltStronger     : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ competeIntellect : Factor w/ 2 levels "0","1": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ insecureGovt     : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ prepWar          : Factor w/ 3 levels "0","1","2": 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 ...
#>  $ RegionalError    : int  3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 ...
#>  $ CasualtyError    : int  3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...
#>  $ Auxiliaries      : int  2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 ...